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Species Identified
Sepia apama Gray, 1849 (Australian giant cuttlefish)
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Nurse shark)
During the day the nurse shark is a sluggish animal, spending most of its time resting on sandy bottoms, or in crevices in rocks and coral reefs. Often several nurse sharks may congregate when resting, sometimes even pili...
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During the day the nurse shark is a sluggish animal, spending most of its time resting on sandy bottoms, or in crevices in rocks and coral reefs. Often several nurse sharks may congregate when resting, sometimes even piling on top of one another . At night however, the nurse shark actively roams the sea bottom and reef for prey. It feeds on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squid and octopi . It is also feeds on fish, its nocturnal nature enabling it to prey on resting fish that would be too active during the day to capture . The nurse shark's small mouth and large pharynx enable it to feed by a unique suction method, effectively making the nurse shark the 'hoover' of the ocean floor. By cupping its mouth over a hole or crevice and expanding its throat, it creates a vacuum that sucks prey out of their hiding . This suction-feeding is also useful for extracting snails from their shells , and it will dig in sand to root out prey sensed by its fleshy barbels . The nurse shark is one of few sharks in which courtship behaviour is relatively well known . The male swims alongside the female, grabs one of the pectoral fins in his mouth, rolls her over and they mate . A large number of males will often try to mate with a single female, and females often bear numerous bite-scars and bruises received during mating attempts. It is therefore not surprising that females frequently try to avoid males by swimming in very shallow water, where they can bury their pectoral fins in the sand . Nurse sharks are ovoviviparous , a method of reproduction whereby the young develop inside a weakly-formed egg shell within the mother, receiving nourishment from their yolk sac, for five to six months . The females move to shallow seagrass beds and coral reefs to give birth to 20 to 30 pups in late spring and summer . Like many sharks the nurse shark is slow growing, with males not reaching maturity until 10 to 15 years of age, and females 15 to 20 years .
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Duskey grouper)
The dusky grouper is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning that it matures as a female but later develops into a male as it grows larger and older . Sexual maturity is attained fairly late, when females are around five year...
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The dusky grouper is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning that it matures as a female but later develops into a male as it grows larger and older . Sexual maturity is attained fairly late, when females are around five years of age, while sex reversal of females into males takes place between the 9th and 16th year, peaking at 12 . The grouper usually leads a solitary and relatively sedentary life, except during the breeding season when small clusters of a few tens of individuals form at specific spawning sites . The spawning season in the Mediterranean is from June to September , mating is polygynous and aggregations generally have a female bias of around seven females to each male . During this period, dominant males establish territories and demonstrate strong territorial behaviour, acting aggressively towards neighbouring males and smaller females . The maximum reported age of a dusky grouper was about 50 years . Diet consists of crustaceans, molluscs and fish, with diet varying with body size . While younger, smaller groupers feed primarily on crustaceans, larger individuals feed on a greater proportion of fish, with the majority being reef-associated species .
Dasyatis brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875) (Short-tail stingray)
Occurs offshore, on the outer shelf and uppermost slope; sometimes close inshore , in very shallow depths . Found on sandy bottoms, in bays, harbors, and near rocky reefs . Often in aggregations . Feeds on fishes, biva...
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Occurs offshore, on the outer shelf and uppermost slope; sometimes close inshore , in very shallow depths . Found on sandy bottoms, in bays, harbors, and near rocky reefs . Often in aggregations . Feeds on fishes, bivalves, squid, and crustaceans . Ovoviviparous . Reputed to be the largest stingray in the world weighing more than 350,000 g . Frequently raises its tail in a scorpion-like fashion when approached, but is considered more as inquisitive rather than aggressive . The barbed tail however can inflict a severe or potentially fatal wound . Sometimes caught by anglers .
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Sistabron
Australia
Date: 2012-05-11 - 11:00
Max Depth: 14m Duration: 55mins
